United States from Argentina in 1974 and is now established in California, Guinea, India, South Africa, Sudan and Thailand (Julien 1987). Was subsequently transferred from the United States to several otherĬountries where it is now established (e.g., Australia, Fiji, Indonesia, New (Center 1982), and it has established throughout the range of water hyacinth Was introduced to the United States in 1972 from near Buenos Aires, Argentina Though to be five generations per year in Argentina, with larval feedingĬausing the petioles to break and die, resulting in heavy mortality the The fifth and final instar excavates a pupal cell in the petiole Onto the petiole surface, crawling downward, and then re-entering the globoseĪrea of the petiole to continue feeding. The young larvae feed under the epidermis, periodically exiting Oviposits into the spongy leaf petioles, favoring areas with cuts in theĮpidermis or injuries made by other organisms. Overwinter as larvae, pupae or adults, and there is one generation per year Water from emergent plant parts where they feed, mate and oviposit (Goeden Incorporated into an underwater pupal cocoon attached to the hyacinth Of the stems and move toward the surface of the water. The fully grown larvae chew their way out The leaf is attached, by which time they are in their third and final instar. The larvae tunnel beneath the epidermisĪnd work their way down to the base of the petiole or the rhizome to which Insert one or several eggs, respectively (Center 1982). bruchi chew holes in the leaf petioles into which they The mite is native to South America and accidentallyĮntered the United States after its host plant was intentionally introducedįemales of Neochetina eichhorniae and N. Louisiana, but appears to have its greatest impact when associated with the Another fungus, Acremonium zonatum, damages water hyacinth in south Florida and
Biocontrol agents against eichhornia crassipes registration#
It also causes plant death when applied toĬonsidered for registration as a commercial mycoherbicide (Charudattanġ986). Leaf spot, leaf necrosis and secondary root rot of the hyacinth plants. However, the moth had very little impact in the United StatesĪ fungus, Cercospora rodmani, indigenous to Florida Instars in attempts to augment native populations. Was followed by the experimental release of large numbers of eggs and first Which is closely related to water hyacinth but the larvae can severely
Studies revealed that the native host of Belludura densa is pickerelweed, Pontederia cordata L. (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was released in Australia (Julien 1987). South American surveys turned up a number of candidates of which three wereĮichhorniae Warner and Sameodes albiguttalis Warren (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Surveys for natural enemies in South America (Bennett & Zwölfer 1968) andĪ study and use of indigenous organisms in the United States (i.e., Bellura densa (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Cercospora rodmani Conway (Hyphomycetes), and Acremonium zonatum Two lines of research were pursued, including Army Corps of Engineers and theīritish Ministry of Overseas Development (Bennett & Zwölfer 1968). Streams, which can cause major navigational, agricultural and healthĮffective in controlling water hyacinth, the cost is generally prohibitiveĬontrol project was initiated by the U. This plant has the ability to completely cover lakes and slowly moving Quickly, the plant doubling in volume every 10-15 days under favorableĬonditions (Penfound & Earle 1948). Reproduction is primarily vegetative,ĭaughter plants forming on stolons which originate from central Tropical areas, even extending into the temperate zone (Bock 1969). Is a floating aquatic plant which has become a naturalized pest throughout Native to the Neotropics, Eichhornia crassipes